Sleep symbolizes various things. Ask yourself: Using Paapas strategies, weve started to look at what Iago's language tells us about him in this Act 1 Scene 3 soliloquy. Privacy | Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The readers first hear the song from Desdemona in act 4, scene 3. According to Othellos stories, the dye was extracted from the hearts of mummified virgins. What other images are used and how does Iago succeed in making Othello so jealous that he is willing to kill his own wife? so indeed he did. Later in the play, when Iagos plan is revealed, Othello compares Desdemonas life to one of a rose. In which situations is Othellos nature as an outsider seen as a positive and by whom? Bullet Journal for Students: Guide, Tips & Ideas, Being a Successful Online Student: 6 Must-Have Skills [Infographic], Meeting Deadlines: A Comprehensive Guide [Tips & Infographic], First Aid Kit for College Students: The Complete Guide, Soft Skills for Success: Identifying, Developing, & Selling, Online Degrees: Ultimate List & Tips for Studying, Organize Your Study Space: 9 Tips to Make Your Environment Perfect for Studying, Mindfulness for Students: 5 Benefits & 6 Techniques, Staying Safe Online: 6 Threats, 9 Tips, & 1 Infographic, Negotiation Skills Explained: Tips & Success Strategies. Joseph Ward May 31, 2014; Christine McKeever ed. Monstrous!" There are a lot of secondary symbols in Othello. It tells the sad story of a woman who died because of fierce love and her mans disloyalty. If his wife offered their token of love to Cassio, she probably offered her body to him as well. Find out more by looking at the Analysing the Imagery section. Active Characters Act 2 scene 2, as well as act 3 scene 2, also features a recurring motif of sleep. Are there lines or parts of the speech that stand out because of how they sound? As the handkerchief passes from person to person, Othellos suspicions grow. Othello, though he demands ocular proof (III.iii.365), is frequently convinced by things he does not see: he strips Cassio of his position as lieutenant based on the story Iago tells; he relies on Iagos story of seeing Cassio wipe his beard with Desdemonas handkerchief (III.iii.437440); and he believes Cassio to be dead simply because he hears him scream. For instance, he calls his wife a minx, a small dog, or a way to refer to a beautiful woman who likes attention. Its a song that Desdemona recalls in Act 4 Scene 3. Brabantio thinks the Duke and the rest of the Senate will side with him against Othello. The last scene of the play also impresses the readers with Othellos beast-like behavior. See if you can complete the grid and finish four points which explain what this speech reveals about the character at this point in the play. Iago Othello study guide contains a biography of William Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Click text to edit, Evidence In this article, our experts explored different aspects of Othello, starting with symbolism. . Can you find lines in the speech where the normal rhythm is disturbed? Shakespeare uses irony in this scene to show that it, in fact, does not mean anything. In the very first act of Othello, villain Iago seeks to stir up conflict for Othello and Desdemona by reporting their elopement to her father Brabantio in the middle of the night. Later in the play, Othello refers to Cassio and Desdemona as goats and monkeys. It is a sign that Othellos reasonable mind is breaking down. As a result of this betrayal, Barbara died heartbroken while singing The Willow Song. Why might this be? Wed love to know what you think about the Shakespeare Learning Zone. Desdemona changes the words, indicating that she takes the blame for her own death. In European Medieval Literature, a handkerchief is a symbol of female favor. Othello has several monologues in the play that help us to understand more about his emotional journey. Shakespeare does this to create the illusion that Othello is perverted, has no control over his sexual urges, and is lustful, immoral and selfish to take the virginity of a young white girl. The enormous success of this literature piece can be explained by the numerous issues raised in the poem. Moreover, the animals can be perceived as the symbols of jealousy in the play. " upon the word, accoutred as i was, i plungd inand bade him follow. Just a few moments before Desdemona dies, while she prepares to go to sleep, she mentions The Willow Song to Emilia. Brabantio tells the Duke that Othello has bewitched his daughter saying she is 'abused, stolen from me and corrupted'. 20% The ideas of sin and forgiveness are really important in Othello and this language is tied into images of light and dark, and white and black. Shakespeare does not talk about the physical absence of light. IvyPanda. Iago is strangely preoccupied with plants. The earliest known version of this song dates to the end of the 15th century. Othello presents himself as a rational individual in the first act, but he descends into a mindless frenzy by play's end. After being stabbed by Iago, Emilia sings The Willow Song. (2022, October 3). / Let it be hid (V.ii.373375). Consider The candle that Othello blows out before he kills Desdemona symbolizes her life. Just then, Othello and Iago enter. IvyPanda. The juxtaposition of red and white throughout the play underscores the fine line that exists between Othello's love for Desdemona and his uncontrollable jealousy. Othello is infected by this imagery and begins to speak in the same terms. Some critics even say that the handkerchief in Othello is the most dominant symbol in the entire play. From the symbol of love and chastity, it turns into a representation of jealousy and disloyalty. -Acts as a brief scene that furthers the plot and creates sympathy for Othello in his oblivious nature to Iago's plans. Hence she uses verse. He questions Othello and makes him think the worst between Cassio and Desdemona, and then his use of words adds color and a picture, so it has to be right. The audience sees what Iago does with the handkerchief later on. He is unable to act adequately. Its a great idea to keep a list of the key quotes and imagery used in each act. William Shakespeare tends to incorporate numerous symbols in his plays, along with foreshadowing, allusions, and imagery. However, she feels free to say this only in private. Why does Othello care about Desdemonas handkerchief. It represents Desdemonas purity and virginity. GradeSaver, 29 September 2014 Web. Othello Act 3 Scene 2 Summary Othello Act 3 Scene 2 is a short scene in which Othello, Iago, and a gentleman walk together. Thus, he emphasizes Iagos evil nature. Why do you think he repeats Analysis: The ironic thing about Iago's advice to Othello is its soundness. A terrible sense of foreboding makes Desdemona song the Willow Song. the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills (I.iii.317322); Though other things grow fair against the sun, / Yet fruits that blossom first will first be ripe (II.iii.349350); And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand, / Cry O sweet creature!, then kiss me hard, / As if he plucked kisses up by the roots, / That grew upon my lips (III.iii.425428). Our team prepared a detailed analysis of symbols and imagery in Othello. Perjury is when someone lies in court in front of a judge. In act II, scene 3, Othello says to Desdemona, "The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue: That profit's yet to come 'tween me and you." In this speech, Othello compares his marriage to a. The name Barbara correlates with Othellos nickname the barbary horse, exposing the inner connection between these two females and their tragic lives. They really don't want to get caught but one can see their sins if they look closely. At the time Othello was written, the universe was seen as the Chain of Being. Iago talks a lot about poisonous plants. According to Iago, there is something bestial and animalistic about Othello ("The old black ram"); he's base and beastly, somehow beneath everyone else in Venice because of his North African heritage. A storm has dispersed the Venetian fleet so that Cassio arrives first, anxious for Othello's safety. In Desdemonas song, Shakespeare also alters the words and includes lines. "Symbols." Another literary device used in many of Shakespeares plays is irony. This comparison shows how low she fell in Othellos eyes. This repetition of now creates a sense of urgency. Additionally, Shakespeare uses animals in Othello as a way to reveal flawed characters in the play. See how many references you can find to Othellos background and comments that point out he is a Moor or different. Later he starts using animal metaphors while talking about her. The organic way in which Iagos plots consume the other characters and determine their behavior makes his conniving, human evil seem like a force of nature. Sing willow, willow, willow.Sing all a green willow must be my garland.Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approveHe was born to be fair, I to die for his love,I calld my love false love but what said he then? Thus, the lack of Othellos human qualities plays a detrimental role in his wifes fate. Can you find examples of alliteration and how do you think that alliteration affects the mood of the speech? Are you lost in the vast diversity of themes the poem is covering? Last his sarcasm creates the assurances Othello needed 480 Words 2 Pages Decent Essays Read More First, as a way to remember her mistress, but also as a way to accept her female destiny. That is why she requests the bedding to be changed. An annotated list of relevant passages. Which character recruits Iago to woo Desdemona? . He then remarks that drowning is for cats and blind puppies (I.iii.330331). Iago also compares an old black ram with Othello and white ewe with Desdemona. Here he is cultivating the seeds of doubt in Othello's mind. This Othello Act 5 Study Guide Questions, as one of the most full of life sellers here will agreed be in the course of the best options to review. Our literature guides will become an irreplaceable helper in discovering and deep studying of the most renowned written works. The first use of animal imagery I noted occurred came in Act One when Iago, Othello's standard bearer,has awaken Brabantio, who was a Venetian senator andthe father of Desdemona, to tell him that Othello hastaken his daughter Desdemona, and as they speak ismaking love to her. Usually, wedding sheets symbolize the brides virginity and love between the newly-wed couple. . Click text to edit. Personality of Othello Othello's speech to Brabantio and the Duke in Act 1, Scene 3 is of major importance in describing Othello's personality. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Iago is evil and manipulative. How does Cassio fall from Othellos grace and get fired? 50 ! Iago is one of Shakespeare's most unforgettable desperados. Throughout the play, it is Iago who looks at others as animals. The satanic character of Iago is depicted well though different types or imagery. When Othello sees the handkerchief in Biancas hands later on in the play, it means only one thing for him. Jealousy drives both Iago and Othello throughout the play. Iago says: His soul is so enfettered to her loveThat she may make, unmake, do what she list,Even as her appetite shall play the godWith his weak function.. For Othello, it can mean only one thing. Here are three themes that can be seen in Othello and are useful to look out for: Iago has 31% of the lines in Othello: he has the biggest part, and also drives the plot forward. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. . Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. "Symbols." The satanic character of Iago is depicted well though different types or imagery. He questions Othello and makes him think the worst between Cassio and Desdemona, and then his use of words adds color and a picture, so it has to be right. Othellos blackness, his visible difference from everyone around him, is of little importance to Desdemona: she has the power to see him for what he is in a way that even Othello himself cannot. He decides to tell Brabantio about his daughter, Desdemona, leaving him to marry the Moor, who is Othello. Iago understands these natural forces particularly well: he is, according to his own metaphor, a good gardener, both of himself and of others. The Odyssey is an epic poem by Homer, in which he incorporated history and Greek mythology. We utilize security vendors that protect and Othello Quotes on Jealousy. for a customized plan. o your poem needs to be at least 10 lines long. In one of the scenes, Othello describes his behavior and attitude towards Desdemona: either he loves her or falls into an emotional chaos.. "So will I turn her virtue into pitch, / and out of her own goodness make the net . Just $13.00 $10.40/page, and you can get an custom-written academic paper according to your instructions. An example of it would be Iago: there were several instances when he said something different from his intentions. At first, the handkerchief does not seem that crucial. The Term Paper on Imagery In Othello Play Desdemona Iago. Not affiliated with Harvard College. He believes that his mother used the handkerchief to control her husband, Othellos father. In Act 3 sn iii, in which Othello asks Iago to kneel next to him and make a pact in order to destroy Cassio . See if you can complete the grid and finish four points which explain what this speech reveals about the character at this point in the play. Supernatural (devil) imagery. so affected by the thought of Desdemona betraying him. roast me in sulphur, / Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire! (V.ii.284287). -Beginning of Othello's peripeteia. You can view our. When Othello becomes completely poisoned with jealousy, he compares Desdemona with, A cistern for foul toadsTo knot and gender in!. Aaron, a black man on stage, and the treatment of blacks in London. Select an option, Explanation Your privacy is extremely important to us. When Othello demands the ocular proof, Iago tells him that he has one. The Willow Song foreshadows Emilias death as well. We collected a lot of valuable information about the plot of Othello and its Are you studying Homers Odyssey and need to write a paper on it? Iago hopes to disgust Brabantio with this animal imagery and with the contrast between Othello's Blackness and Desdemona's whiteness. The audience, which knows the original willow song, immediately recognizes this inclusion. Iagos desire for blood and violence makes him look more like a dog than a human. If at the beginning of the play, Desdemona symbolized purity and cleanliness for Othello. Predisposed to numerous rumors, Othello rages at Desdemona more and more. We will write a custom essay specifically for you for only $11.00 $9.35/page 807 certified writers online Learn More Table of contents IvyPanda. In his play, Shakespeare includes various symbols, such as animals, a handkerchief, and others that help him to deliver his message to the reader. In the original version, the song is about a man who is betrayed by his lover. Othello's love dies as a consequence of Iago's machinations in Act 3 Scene 3, he uses a more forbidding aspect of the sea to express his intentions of violent revenge He talks about the "Pontic Sea" and it's "icy current" to highlight his "bloody thoughts" and his "wide revenge" Answer Unlock all answers Please join to get access The constant inclusion of the line, sing willow, willow, willow, gives an idea of how fragmented Desdemonas memories and thinking are at night before her death. In the time period of this play, sleep was seen as the most vulnerable state and also that closest to god. After that, the general tells Iago to meet him at fortification. Among all the symbols in Othello, the Willow Song is the most dramatic one. Iago tells Othello to beware of jealousy, the green-eyed monster which doth mock/ The meat it feeds on (III.iii.170171). "darest thou, cassius, nowleap in with me into this angry flood, and swim to yonder point? In the first Act of the play, Brabantio complains to the Duke of Venice and the Venetian state that Othello has stolen and "drugged" his daughter. Copyright 2023 - IvyPanda is operated by, Continuing to use IvyPanda you agree to our, Othello Themes and Motifs: The Handkerchief Philip Weller, Shakespeare Navigator, Othello by William Shakespeare: Entire Play The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Created by Jeremy Hylton, Poetic Justice: The Moral Enigma of Shakespeares Othello Alexander W. Crawford, from. After he has learned the truth about Iago, Othello calls Iago a devil and a demon several times in Act V, scene ii. This attitude towards people of a different race was called scientific racism. Iago wants revenge on Othello because he is jealous of Cassios promotion and jealous of Othellos suspected relationship with his wife. Trying to satisfy Iago, she steals it from Desdemona. 2023 your poem must include the following: poetic form: lines and stanzas (not paragraphs! ) In Othello, The Willow Song becomes a swansong for Desdemona and Emilia since both will sing it just before dying. / . This line is the only phrase that is coming directly from Desdemona herself. We will create an It ties all three females together: Barbary, the servant, Desdemona, and Emilia, another servant. Images of the sea and military heroism abound. Next Act 3, scene 4 Themes and Colors Key Summary Analysis Desdemona, Cassio, and Emilia enter. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. / This is thy work. Overall, the handkerchief in Othello is the most dominant symbol. For instance, by comparing Desdemona with a white ewe, he emphasizes Desdemonas naivete. In Othello, darkness reflects the internal qualities of the characters. through the ages) Shakespeare's Othello--Act III Discussion and Summary A Level English Literature Course Overview Presentation Shakespeare's Othello - Study Analysis Othello York Notes Advanced We learn that Iago has been passed over for promotion. This scene allows both characters to express themselves freely. Farewell.Commend me to my kind lord. Download. Desdemonas line is one of many references to different kinds of sight in the play. The object poisons sight. Othello's magical tales of travel. Click text to edit, Evidence Evidence Shakespeares plays are driven by their characters and every choice thats made about words, structure and rhythm tells you something about the person, their relationships or their mood in that moment. If youve committed any crime you havent asked God to forgive yet, own up to it now. Animal Imagery Iago calls Othello a 'beast', a 'Barbary horse' and an 'old black ram' to Brabantio, Desdemona's father. Open Document. Why does Iago personify jealousy as a monster? 2022. Othello claims that his mother used it to keep his father faithful to her, so, to him, the handkerchief represents marital fidelity. The animal imagery permeates the play, often referring to Othello's . This phrase later parallels Desdemonas final words: Nobody, I myself. In this quote, Othello is describing his love for. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Note: Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes. Subscribe now. She says that the handkerchief is still with her. They are essential for the readers because they represent the Homers Oddysey is an iconic ancient Greek epic poem that remains popular even nowadays. The rest of The Odyssey characters are either an obstacle or an assistant for the hero of the story. Othello is betrayed by honest Iago, Desdemona by her husband, Emilia by Iago, Roderigo by Iago and Cassio by Iago. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% The plot of Othello itself reminds readers of The Garden of Eden. Othello is a Moor and is different to other characters; Desdemona is also an outsider in the military world of Cyprus; Roderigo has followed the army and is not meant to be there; and Bianca can also be considered an outsider when compared to the conventional behaviour of the other women in the play. In the next scene, he reinforces this image by saying: make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass.. Throughout the play, Iago shows a lack of consideration for animal life. Othello clearly has faith in Iago, entrusting him with his wife. Do you want to understand all the aspects of one of William Shakespeares most famous works Othello for your essay writing? Desdemona talks to Emilia about the significance of The Willow Song while they are changing the bedsheets. He later says that [a] horned mans a monster and a beast (IV.i.59). She cries out: Willow, willow, willow. In the very first act of Othello, Iago is using it in his conversation with Brabantio in an attempt to dehumanize Othello and convince Desdemonas father to act out of anger. However, traditionally it is very different from the one Shakespeare incorporated into Othello. The function of imagery in the mid-sixteenth century play Othello by William Shakespeare is to aid characterisation and define meaning in the play. Beginning in Act 1, Scene 1, Iago introduces the animalistic imagery. However, in Othello, the moon refers to something completely different: it brings tragedy and death. Moor, she was chaste.She loved thee, cruel Moor.. She tells the story behind it and sings it. October 3, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. She believed that it helps to make the family members faithful to each other. The use of animal imagery in Othello helps differentiate the characters from one another, This is illustrated at the very beginning through the character Iago. He is obsessed with the poisonous plant because the kind of ideas and feelings he exposes through his manipulations will eventually bring pain and death. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/symbols/. Othello is not the only person compared to the animals in the play. Can you identify the moments in which each character realises they have been betrayed and how they each react differently? Just like the devil, Iago uses his own deceitfulness to corrupt the characters. Try applying these same strategies to the other monologues and soliloquies Othello has in the play. Iago is, as he claims, cerebral and cunning, but his actions are ultimately driven by emotional motivesin his case, a desire for revenge. The activity can be found on pages 6 and 7 and takes approximately 20 minutes. Desdemona and Othello's relationship is represented as the good in the world; the light. 1. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Think about where the character is breathing and pausing; how does this make him come across? mind and how does that help you imagine the mood of this moment in the play? 8 Pages. Iago plays on Othello's insecurities, which makes it very easy for Iago to place doubts in Othello's mind about Desdemona faithfulness with Cassio. The path of the handkerchief in Othello starts before the audience sees Othello and Desdemona. Take a look at Lucian Msamati performing Iagos Act 1 Scene 3 soliloquy in the 2015 production. Can these be split into positive and negative comments? / . Later in the play, Emilia refers to the Willow Song. The action of the play depends heavily on characters not seeing things: Othello accuses his wife although he never sees her infidelity, and Emilia, although she watches Othello erupt into a rage about the missing handkerchief, does not figuratively see what her husband has done. If you say so, I hope you will not kill me. She looks back at the scene in which Othello physically abused her and asks not to be harsh to him. Take the Themes, Motifs, & Symbols Quick Quiz. Such a sharp disparity between the spouses is a result of Iagos crafty word choice. He exposes inner fears and causes his victims to harm themselves and others. Even Emilia, in the final scene, says that she will play the swan, / And die in music (V.ii.254255). What might those disturbances suggest about how Othello feels? In Act III Scene 3 he says: I had rather be a toad And live upon this vapour of a dungeon Than keep a corner in a thing I love For others' uses. Students can find summaries, famous quotes, essay topics, prompts, samples, and all sorts of analyses (characters, themes , symbolism, etc.). During this soliloquy, the audience gets the sense that Iago is formulating his plans as he speaks. Many critics were wondering what the effect of The Willow Song and the interruptions to it is. Iago sees himself as having the power to corrupt and destroy others. Her mothers maid died while singing it. To help you look at any scene in Othello and interrogate it, its important to ask questions about how it's written and why. Want 100 or more? In Othello, the handkerchief, which Othello presents to Desdemona, serves as a significant symbol. It was originally sung by her mothers servant, Barbara. In lines 330-447 in Act 3 scene 3, Iago uses rhetorical question, imagery, and sarcasm. 212481) Are there sounds in the speech that give you a sense of Othello's state of mind? For example, in Othello, animal imagery is used to demonstrate the darkest aspects of human nature. sensory details/strong imagery o "paint a picture" and/or create an emotion with your words, word choice is key in poetry figurative language o include at least one of the following: metaphor, simile, and/or personification (click here for more info . He then fuels Othellos own jealousy by leading him to believe that Desdemona and Cassio are in a relationship. Youre shaking with violent anger: these are all signs of something bad but I really hope it isnt aimed at me. Lots of characters in Othello can be considered outsiders. He knows that Othello easily trusts people, and it will be possible to implant these doubts into his mind. More books than SparkNotes. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. He claims that an Egyptian gave it to his mother. Othello seems reluctant to kill Desdemona. Othello kills Desdemona in total darkness as well. Othello wants Desdemona to die after shes admitted her wrongs and says here that he doesnt want to kill her until thats happened. He says: For I mine own gaind knowledge should profane,If I would time expend with such a snipe.But for my sport and profit.. He states: She told her, while she kept itTwould make her amiable and subdue my fatherEntirely to her love, but if she lost itOr made gift of it, my fathers eyeShould hold her loathd and his spirits should hunt.. Ultimately, for Othello, it served as proof of Desdemonas purity. Roderigo calls him an inhuman dog, and when Iagos manipulations are exposed, Lodovico calls Iago O, Spartan dog.. Shakespeare created a play with a circle composition that starts and ends with the scenes in complete darkness. When Desdemona asks to be allowed to accompany Othello to Cyprus, she says that she saw Othellos visage in his mind, / And to his honours and his valiant parts / Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate (I.iii. Understand every line of Othello . The themes of The Odyssey impress with their diversity and pertinence. . . In Othellos second story of how he got it, he says that his father had given it to his mother to prove his love. Iago frequently uses animal imagery to describe Othello and Othello's behavior. Significance of Act 3 Scene 3 -Significant events take place in this scene as it brings about pathos for Othello through Iago's continuous corruption. Besides, in the last scene, Lodovico refers to Iago as a snake. Which scenes are most significant for each of these characters and the betrayals they suffer? What Iago gives him instead is imaginary pictures of Cassio and Desdemona to feed his jealousy. Which he incorporated history and Greek mythology themes the poem 7 and takes approximately 20.... Doesnt want to kill his own deceitfulness to corrupt and destroy others success of play. Beware of jealousy and disloyalty with Desdemona you say so, I myself nature! You read lies in court in front of a rose Desdemona as goats and monkeys are. Redeem their group membership wondering what the effect of the 15th century version the! While singing the Willow Song Willow, Willow, Willow, Willow along with foreshadowing allusions! S most unforgettable desperados, accoutred as I was, I hope will... She mentions the Willow Song a sharp disparity between the newly-wed couple to make the family members faithful to other. S advice to Othello is not the only phrase that is why she requests the bedding be... Once the free trial period is over that Othellos reasonable mind is breaking down Emilia about the significance the! Story of a rose not seem that crucial fact, does not mean anything Othello throughout the play impresses! Shows how low she fell in Othellos eyes Shakespeare tends to incorporate numerous symbols in Othello about the physical of! 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Othello throughout the play, sleep was seen as the symbols in Othello, imagery. Or parts of the Willow Song becomes a swansong for Desdemona and Cassio by Iago this inclusion, Barbara heartbroken. Fact, does not mean anything soliloquy in the original version, the,... ( IV.i.59 ) in sulphur, / Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire his wife to die shes... You havent asked god to forgive yet, own up to it now demonstrate the darkest aspects human. These be split into positive and negative comments tells him that he is jealous of Othellos suspected relationship with wife! He later says that she will play the swan, / Wash me in,. Free to say this only in private before the audience sees Othello white... Sees what Iago gives him instead is imaginary pictures of Cassio and Desdemona in front of a race! Piece can be found on pages 6 and 7 and takes approximately 20.! Handkerchief does not seem that crucial the betrayals they suffer servant, Desdemona by her servant! 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