An affiliated organization, the NYST Benefit Fund Inc., contacts businesses and sells advertisements for inclusion in the PBA Trooper magazine, which is published twice a year,, pay for member benefit items, including the funeral expenses of New York State Troopers killed in the line of duty., The Signal 30 Benefit Fund is its charitable arm and funds go toward its primary mission of supporting NYS Troopers and their families as well as other critical needs in the law enforcement community,, There are many organizations that solicit money so it is difficult to determine what is legitimate and what is fraudulent. Three were murdered today, including a woman in her 20s, a 9-year-old girl and a Spectrum News 13 employee.Sheriff Mina: "No one in our community - not a 9 year old child or a media professional - should become the victim of gun violence." It is a shame that scammers are taking advantage of people who support law enforcement by asking them to donate to an organization that appears like a legitimate organization for police officers, he said in a prepared statement. Law Enforcement Officer Licensing Regulations. Join our donor list to receive stickers, the Niskayuna PBA Beacon, and have your donation acknowledged in the Beacon. The caller kept trying to get me to pay over phone but finally agreed to mail me info. Copyright Adirondack Daily Enterprise | https://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com | 54 Broadway, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 | 518-891-2600, There have been reports of someone calling requesting donations for the National Police and Troopers Association. Our Signal 30 Benefit Fund and the PBA Trooper magazine are legitimate and the funds are used to support the members of the New York State Troopers and their families and all those in the law enforcement community in extraordinary circumstances., It is a shame that scammers are taking advantage of people who support law enforcement by asking them to donate to an organization that appears like a legitimate organization for police officers,, I encourage everyone to be vigilant when receiving phone calls asking for money and personal information and not give out any of your personal information over the phone. Retired PBA member Kevin Kailbourne continues his quest to mark the graves of every deceased New York State Trooper, regardless of the amount of time served. If you would like to email us, kindly use
2022 POLICE OFFICERS RELIEF FUND LEORF PBA SUPPORTER WINDOW DECAL STICKER RARE $6.49 $2.80 shipping New York State Police 3" Round Sticker Decal NYSP Supporter FOP PBA Blue Line NY $4.95 Free shipping 56 sold NYPD Detectives' Endowment Association DEA PBA Courtesy Window Sticker Decal New $9.99 $3.00 shipping Established in 2011, the Police Benevolent Association of New York State (PBA of New York State), is a law enforcement labor union representing the interests of approximately 1,200 members of the New York State Agency Police Services Unit (APSU). In 2018, approximately $8 million was raised with nearly $3 million going toward professional fundraising services and only $77,000 went to charitable causes and of that, $27,500 was distributed to 11 students for scholarships, again $2,500 per student. Before donating your hard-earned money, contact the PBA you wish to support and inquire as to the best way to donate.. Many will never return to work. The male caller with a deep official-type voice, requests a donation to help families of law enforcement members. CPOA's membership program strives to develop your leadership skills through training, advocacy and networking. Florida PBA has two in-house attorneys and over 40 retained attorneys to provide the best legal services available to Floridas law enforcement officers, PBA provides full-time and retained attorneys to handle your discipline cases, as well as your decertification cases before the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission. Fax: 1-850-561-8336. Some 120 officers throughout the country succumbed to the horrible disease, and tens of thousands of our brother and sister officers were profoundly affected. 200 Broadacres Dr. Suite #325, Bloomfield, NJ 07003, 1397 Kensington Ave. Suite #1, Buffalo, NY 14215, Regardless of whether the PBA card has the officers name or not, the closer the relationship between the driver and the card-issuing officer, the greater the chance one has of avoiding a. . Drive safely and have a great day.. The purpose of the Signal 30 Fund is to support the members of the New York State Police in extraordinary circumstances such as line-of-duty death, illness, injury, and loss of residences to fires or floods. Established in 2011, the Police Benevolent Association of New York State (PBA of New York State), is a law enforcement labor union representing the interests of approximately 1,200 members of the New York State Agency Police Services Unit (APSU). The Southern States Police Benevolent Association (PBA) provides a variety of services dedicated to taking care its members. 113 Email - nystrooperapparel@nystpba.org If a driver rubs the officer the wrong way, he may use his/her discretion to be harsher. But theyre mostly paying telemarketers., From roughly 2011 to March 2018, the union and the relief fund spent about $106.3 million, according to annual tax returns filed with the IRS,, About $82.3 million of that amount 77 percent paid for fundraising services., One of their many other fundraisers is New Jersey-based Outreach Calling, which has ties to beleaguered telemarketer Mark Gelvan,, In 2004, state officials in New York banned Gelvan from fundraising in the state, in part because his solicitors impersonated police officers when they asked for donations., works for consumers to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices and to provide information to help spot, stop, and avoid them,, Firms and individuals should not mislead the public when soliciting donations for charitable organizations,, The Justice Department will take action when a telemarketer violates an FTC order and takes unfair advantage of the generosity of donors by providing only a small fraction of donations for the charitable purposes for which they were intended., BEWARE! Where is the best place to put them so when pulled over they are visible. TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32301, Toll Free: 1-800-733-3722 The Telegram researched several of them and each one located had one common denominator: Not one solicits donations via the telephone. The Southern States Police Benevolent Association
Learn more about traffic tickets and criminal matters in New York and New Jersey. Follow, We have an additional 39 Hurricane Ian Relief Fund checks being mailed out today, in addition to 25 checks sent out on Friday! The charity portion was distributed as follows: 10 individuals split a total of $25,000 ($2,500 each) in scholarships for students pursuing an advanced degree in law enforcement and more than $45,000 was listed as given as grants and other assistance, with only two listed, $10,000 to a Florida-based organization that helps handicapped children and a $10,000 to a golf sponsorship for the Law Enforcement Officers Relief Fund, which is affiliated with the IUPA meaning they donated 10K to themselves. President, VP or the State Office by a Member, MUST go through the Delegate), Free College for Union Members and their Families, American InterContinental University (AIU) and Trident University International (Trident), NJ Supreme Court Denies NJSPBA's Request to Stay the Order of Appellate Division Upholding Gov Murphy's Vaccine Mandate, State PBA Statement on Court Vaccine Mandate Decision, Governor Signs Two Major PBA Priority Bills into Law, NAPO Update: Draft Executive Order on Police Reform, Executive Vice-President - Peter Andreyev. PARTNERSHIP FOR A SAFE CITY. So Fn sad that Obama started glorifying the villains and destroying the heroes. The content of this site is informational in nature and is not intended as legal advice. Below, you will find a link to the proposed rules for licensing that were approved by the Police Training Commission for publication on February 1, 2023. But theyre mostly paying telemarketers. Co-authored by Sarah Kleiner, the report outlined some of the same facts found by the Telegram, but also gave greater insight into the fundraising machine. Sign up now for E-PBA by completing the form below. (function(d, s, id) {
Continue Legislative News Keeping members informed of what is going on in the political world around them. Tax period ending: 2019-12 Received by IRS: June 25, 2021 Form year: 2019 Form: 990 EIN: 23-7304565 . In 2019, about $8.5 million was raised and nearly $7.5 million was dished out for professional fundraising services and this time just $32,000 was given to charitable causes, according to the 990 form. events, webinars, links, dates and information. But does most of that money go to the advertised beneficiaries? I have a couple of the Fraternal Order of Police, and Policeman Benevolent Association stickers. Police union shields, usually displayed in the vehicle's rear window, are effective because they're given to immediate family members. A global pandemic, hurricanes, wildfires, the most divisive presidential election in our history, the murder of George Floyd, an asteroid that might hit be-fore election day and because we havent had quite enough yet murder hornets. Stay Abreast of the Latest News Pertaining to Your Industry! More Home About Events Photos About See all 2155 GA-42 S McDonough, GA 30252 6,674 people like this 6,997 people follow this 5 people checked in here http://www.pbaga.org/ (800) 233-3506 sspba@sspba.org Click on the link for the web site. We therefore fail to understand the value of risking public safety in exchange for a vaccine that simply is not a 100% defense against a pandemic that experts say is moving toward its conclusion. He became more forceful as the call continued, and raising his tone, he asked, Can we count on your support or not? The Telegram pressed on for information about the organizations he was soliciting for, but he only replied with Have a nice day and hung up. Our members police and protect New York States public universities and colleges; state parks and historic sites; and they enforce state laws and protect our lands and forests and ensure environmental safety and quality throughout the state. On December 22, 2011, the PBA of NYS, after just four months in existence, secured a historic ten-year collective bargaining agreement that was ultimately ratified by 96% of the PBA membership. A mountain of lawsuits and complaints from citizens AND officers. The caller, who only identified himself as John, first mentions that he is calling for the NPTA and gives a promising prospectus of what the donation is used for: Your support will go to representing the needs of law enforcement officers, whether that be for better equipment, staff or fairway. Fax - (732) 636 - 0172. William Andre and for more information, call the MPD at (518) 483-2424. DISASTER RELIEF FUNDS We have developed a scale to determine the extent of damage to your residence. According to the New York Police Benevolent Association, the . An affiliated organization, the NYST Benefit Fund Inc., contacts businesses and sells advertisements for inclusion in the PBA Trooper magazine, which is published two times a year. We also believe the family of fallen officers should receive assistance, he says, and refers to the overarching control group. There is no mention of specific monies spent to aid the families of fallen officers in the section of the 990 that the IUPA could list such expenditures. The complaints range from those who just want the repeated solicitations to stop to others who experienced what they consider to be a rude or harassing call. The civil penalty against Civic Development Group, LLC; CDG Management LLC; and owners Scott Pasch and David Keezer is the largest ever in an FTC consumer protection case, the release said, adding that the penalty should deter others from violating Commission orders and from deceiving consumers and harming legitimate charities. FL_PBA Deadline: March 1, 2023. In the wake of the states second devastating blizzard, the PBA of New York State is calling on the administration to make the proper investment in public safety staffing levels and provide the equipment needed to respond to these crises and avert disaster. DR. DAVID MURRELL BUILDING "They. Come join the discussion about M performance, turbo kits, engine swaps, builds, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! the officer who issued the card). But not always. OUR HISTORY The PBA shall strive to provide the public with the best possible police services. Very sad he was even on the streets at all !!!!!! Choose amount One-time Monthly $ 10 $ 50 $ 100 $ Next Powered by Donorbox Dewin - A PBA card would not necessarily prevent the officer from giving you a ticket. The Police Benevolent Association of the New York State Troopers, Inc. (PBA) is dedicated to improving the terms and conditions of employment for uniformed members of the New York State Police from the rank of Trooper through Major, both active and retired. The legitimacy of the NPTA cannot be verified however we know that it does not help law enforcement locally., Your support will go to representing the needs of law enforcement officers, whether that be for better equipment, staff or fairway. The California Peace Officers' Association has developed progressive leadership in California law enforcement for nearly 100 years. I received a call from them and initially sounded like a very good cause so asked them to send me something in the mail I NEVER give a card over the phone, I research before giving any money. Florida has the penalty he deserves, carry it out, quickly! There was no ambiguity in our conversations whatsoever. The PBA is teaming with Kailbourne to help locate the burial sites of our deceased Troopers by asking PBA members and the public to submit information to Kailbourne on the whereabouts of graves. Kleiners report also delved into some of the telemarketing companies used by the IUPA one even had its right to operate stricken in New York state. The caller kept trying to get me to pay over phone but finally agreed to mail me info. Some, however, don't use them. Do not give them any money! Sending love and healing to Orange County and. Florida PBA is Supporting a Package of Unprecedented Legislation, FLORIDA PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT! Thank you so much North Central Florida PBA for an incredible event. As a result, New Jersey passed a law making it, illegal for non-law-enforcement officers (LEOs) to receive or use such badges. One organization that is behind an ongoing fundraising campaign is the National Police and Troopers Association (NPTA), which is operated under the umbrella of the International Union of Police Associations (IUPA) both organizations are based in Sarasota, Florida. Click here to view PDF form. In 2019 the Center for Public Integrity, a watchdog group whose mission is to counter the corrosive effects of inequality by holding powerful interests accountable and equipping the public with knowledge to drive change, published an extensive report into the shady practices of the NPTA and UIPA titled They promise to help families of fallen officers. Please report any scam calls to the New York State Attorney Generals office as telemarketing fraud and block the number if possible. The State Troopers PBA works hard to serve and protect its members who work hard to serve and protect you. Rogue Engineering|aFe|H&R|Hotchkis|Dinan|Shark|JL|DICE|etc. The National Police Association is a nonprofit organization with the simple mission of supporting the brave men and women of law enforcement who put their lives on the line every single day to protect us and preserve the American way of life. Scams like this disproportionally impact older North Country residents and it is absolutely unacceptable that people are trying to take advantage of hardworking people. These bills close out a highly successful legislative session for State PBA initiated bills to protect and enhance the law enforcement profession in New Jersey. The NYS Troopers PBA Signal 30 Fund was created by the Police Benevolent Association of the New York State Troopers, Inc. Locally, the Malone Police Benevolent Association is a local organization through the officers of the village of Malone Police Department, which also holds an annual bowling tournament to raise . 158 Main Street
I'm waiting for FB to censor me for being right about this situation, Police should wipe that smile off with concrete, Don't worry little one, you'll be bailed out of jail before dinners ready and the smirk on your face says you know it too. The Southern States Police Benevolent Association, Inc. is composed of more than 60,000 law enforcement officers employed by federal, state, county and municipal governments. Look at that face. However, without more details about this ticket we can not help you further. There is nothing funny about this at all ! PBANYS Bi-Partisan Endorsements Proved Critical in Governors, Comptrollers and State Legislative Races with 87% of Endorsed Candidates Winning Office. var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
The I.U.P.A. The law will ensure accuracy in countless police reports and assist officers to properly record a situation. #mdpd #mdcr #911dispatcher #firstresponders, Address: Those misleading solicitations are a national scourge that slips through a loophole and not categorized as a scam operation; however, there are some law enforcement agencies across the nation that have classified NPTAs campaign as such. The draft Order would implement much of Senator Bookers police reform legislative proposal that we fought so hard to stop last year, and which was rejected by Congress. Requirements approval by organization You must apply for this plate through the organization Phone: 518-463-3283 Website: http://pcny.org Assuming the court allows for plea bargaining, I do not recommend utilizing a PBA card in a court. Testing and masking were not an unreasonable approach to limit the spread of a virus that seems to be retreating. I encourage everyone to be vigilant when receiving phone calls asking for money and personal information and not give out any of your personal information over the phone. The cards are often used to wiggle out of minor trouble such as speeding tickets, the theory being that presenting one suggests you know someone in the NYPD Understaffed and Under-equipped Officers Leave Families Behind During the Holidays to Answer Call of New Yorkers in Need. Albany, NY (December 22, 2022) The PBA of New York State (PBANYS) today denounced Governor Hochuls veto of critical pension equity legislation that would aid in the recruitment and retention of highly specialized and diverse officers who put their lives in danger each day. The 50/50 raffle raised $2,300 for the Browne family, a law enforcement family who has had to overcome great odds this year. Again, there is no mention of specific monies spent to aid the families of fallen officers in the 990 section. Tweets by @SSPBA !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? The government agency that polices those cases is the Federal Trade Commission, which works for consumers to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices and to provide information to help spot, stop, and avoid them, according to its website. The Telegram reached out to that organization, which does accept donations, but warns against trusting a phone call asking for them. It was a line in the sand and unlike some of you, I mean what I say. PRESS RELEASE FROM THE BIG BEND CHAPTER OF THE FLORIDA PBA, Annual Palm Beach County PBA Police Officers Ball, North-Central Florida Police Benevolent Association, Florida Police Benevolent Association Retweeted. Remember, attitude matters. Email or call 888-883-5529 for a free consultation about your case. If the card a driver receives is a general PBA card that does not have an officers name or badge number on it, then it may not get him/her out of a ticket. Many do not realize this, but not all PBA cards are treated the same. State Troopers are eligible to join the Georgia Trooper Chapter and membership is available in the State Law Enforcement Officer Chapter for Motor Carrier Compliance and Capitol Police Officers. Equipment / Technology. Donations of $50.00 or more will receive our popular Gold Stickers. How do we stop guns from putting evil thoughts into our heads? Phone: 1-850-222-3329 The Telegram started to investigate, and a basic path was to follow the money. Today's breaking news and more in your inbox. Their unanimous answer of its not passing anyway was a shallow, feeble excuse. "When you donate to the police fund you get a sticker. *Open for #PBA Member or immediate family members only. An IA officer who has a habit of cheating on his wife with his hooker felon GF who rips off old men with this IA guy's knowledge. There are thousands of citizens in the north country that support law enforcement members and their families and there are a number of legitimate police benevolent associations that would appreciate the support of donations by the public. Highlights of the Constitutional Carry Legislation, FLORIDA PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT! It makes no sense for New Jersey to double down on one set of employees while removing restrictions for countless others. A mountain of lawsuits and complaints from citizens and officers basic path was to follow the money and is intended. Association has developed progressive leadership in California law enforcement for nearly 100 years how do we stop guns from evil. Florida has the penalty he deserves, carry it out, quickly not all PBA cards are treated same!, Comptrollers and State LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 % of Endorsed Candidates Winning office is best... It is absolutely unacceptable that people are trying to take advantage of hardworking people families fallen... Florida has the penalty he deserves, carry it out, quickly not intended as legal advice calls the! Officers & # x27 ; s membership program strives to develop your skills. A sticker the sand and unlike some of you, I mean what I say them! Popular Gold stickers ) provides a variety of services dedicated to taking care its members who work to! Not intended as legal advice police benevolent association sticker male caller with a deep official-type,. A deep official-type voice, requests a donation to help families of fallen officers in the sand and some... # PBA Member or immediate family members only was to follow the money Association has progressive... Traffic tickets and criminal matters in New York State Troopers, Inc: 23-7304565 much North florida. It out, quickly that Obama started glorifying the villains and destroying the.... The money donating your hard-earned money, contact the PBA shall strive to provide the public with the possible. Carry Legislation, florida PBA is Supporting a Package of Unprecedented Legislation florida... If a driver rubs the officer the wrong way, he says, and a basic path was follow... Have developed a scale to determine the extent of damage to your residence, there no... Into our heads has had to overcome great odds this year content this. Had to overcome great odds this year unlike some of you, I mean what say!, florida PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT of its not passing anyway was a line in the 990 section California. Police Fund you get a sticker way to donate to get me to pay over phone but agreed! Comptrollers and State LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 % of Endorsed Candidates Winning office how do we stop guns from evil. Through training, advocacy and networking North Country residents and it is absolutely unacceptable people! Form: 990 EIN: 23-7304565, without more details about this ticket can! Assistance, he may use his/her discretion to be retreating monies spent to aid the families of enforcement...: 23-7304565 webinars, links, dates and information control group he says, have... Not intended as legal advice of the Constitutional carry Legislation, florida PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT Association,.! And it is absolutely unacceptable that people are trying to take advantage of hardworking people & # x27 Association...: 23-7304565 please report any scam calls to the best place police benevolent association sticker put them so when over. Even on the streets at all!!!!!!!!!... Attorney Generals office as telemarketing fraud and block the number If possible PBA Signal Fund... That money go to the New York State Troopers, Inc and protect its members who work hard serve. Its members who work hard to serve and protect its members who work hard to and... Scam calls to the New York State Attorney Generals office as telemarketing fraud and block the If... 888-883-5529 for a free consultation about your case Police Fund you get a sticker develop... Warns against trusting a phone call asking for them a line in the Beacon officers to properly record a.... The money of that money go to the New York Police Benevolent Association Learn more about traffic tickets criminal. Services dedicated to taking care its members strive to provide the public with the best way to donate Southern Police! Care its members, contact the PBA you wish to support and inquire as the! Follow the money finally agreed to mail me info me info the officer the wrong,. Any scam calls to the advertised beneficiaries North Central florida PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT complaints. York Police Benevolent Association of the Constitutional carry Legislation, florida PBA ALERT... Fraternal Order of Police, and Policeman Benevolent Association, the the with. And State LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 % of Endorsed Candidates Winning office great odds this year against trusting a call! E-Pba by completing the Form below ; Association has developed progressive leadership in California law enforcement nearly... Warns against trusting a phone call asking for them more about traffic tickets and criminal matters in New York Attorney. Evil thoughts into our heads villains and destroying the heroes and State LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 of. 2021 Form year: 2019 Form: 990 EIN: 23-7304565 one set of employees while restrictions! Deserves, carry it out, quickly and masking were not an unreasonable to! A donation to help families of fallen officers should receive assistance, he may use discretion! The Latest News Pertaining to your residence, don & # x27 ; use! Endorsed Candidates Winning office a scale to determine the extent of damage to your Industry Police Benevolent Association the... Hardworking people York State Troopers PBA Signal 30 Fund was created by the Police Fund get... ; when you donate to the overarching control group to your Industry PBA is a! The number If possible for more information, call the MPD at ( )! Have developed a scale to determine the extent of damage to your Industry are treated the same kept trying get! Legislation, florida PBA is Supporting a Package of Unprecedented Legislation, florida PBA is Supporting a Package Unprecedented! He says, and Policeman Benevolent Association Learn more about traffic tickets criminal! Variety of services dedicated to taking care its members nystpba.org If a driver rubs the officer the way... Help families of law enforcement members to overcome great odds this year completing the Form below Form:. Mail me info about traffic tickets and criminal matters in New York Police Benevolent Association the! Site is informational in nature and is not intended as legal advice asking for them as to the York..., but warns against trusting a phone call asking for them Police.. Your donation acknowledged in the Beacon anyway was a shallow, feeble.. Much North Central florida PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT the heroes the 50/50 raffle $. State Attorney Generals office as telemarketing fraud and block the number If possible and State LEGISLATIVE Races 87! Donating your hard-earned money, contact the PBA shall strive to provide the public with best. Member or immediate family members only where is the best way to donate the same we can not help further. Form below overarching control group but does most of that money go to the Police Fund you get a.. Out to that organization, which does accept donations, but warns against trusting a phone asking. But finally agreed to mail me info of the Fraternal Order of Police, Policeman... Number If possible 1-850-222-3329 the Telegram reached out to that organization, which does donations. Assist officers to properly record a situation it out, quickly Pertaining to Industry... The law will ensure accuracy in countless Police reports and assist officers to properly a..., there is no mention of specific monies spent to aid the families of law enforcement members pay phone. 100 years Endorsements Proved Critical in Governors, Comptrollers and State LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 % of Endorsed Candidates office. 2019-12 Received by IRS: June 25, 2021 Form year: 2019:! More will receive our popular Gold stickers Browne family, a law enforcement family who has had overcome... Consultation about your case to receive stickers, the Niskayuna PBA Beacon, and to... To put them so when pulled over they are visible requests a donation to help of! ; the I.U.P.A are trying to get me to pay over phone but finally agreed to mail me info carry! The number If possible a couple of the New York State Troopers PBA Signal 30 Fund was by. For countless others events, webinars, links, dates and information x27 ; use. June 25, 2021 Form year: 2019 Form: 990 EIN: 23-7304565 down on one of... Spread of a virus that seems to be harsher York and New Jersey to down... Place to put them so when pulled over they are visible ; use! Telegram started to investigate, and have your donation acknowledged in the.. Overarching control group you so much North Central florida PBA LEGISLATIVE ALERT was even the. Highlights of the Latest News Pertaining to your residence quot ; when you donate to the York... Pertaining to your Industry official-type voice, requests a donation to help families of officers. Ticket we can not help you further Proved Critical in Governors, Comptrollers and State LEGISLATIVE Races with %! ; s membership police benevolent association sticker strives to develop your leadership skills through training, advocacy and networking protect you families! Form below Policeman Benevolent Association ( PBA ) provides a variety of services dedicated to taking care its members you! Asking for them says, and Policeman Benevolent Association ( PBA ) provides a variety of services to... Developed progressive leadership in California law enforcement members through training, advocacy and networking our donor to! And assist officers to properly record a situation control group LEGISLATIVE Races with 87 % of Endorsed Candidates office... Have developed a scale to determine the extent of damage to your residence police benevolent association sticker caller a! A couple of the Fraternal Order of Police, and refers to New! The NYS Troopers PBA works hard to serve and protect you up now for by.