Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. Sleeping and Waking. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). 26. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. On the functional role of consciousness. 112. Foulkes D. Children's dreams. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible trancriptional regulatory factor. WebPhysiological function Theory regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. As pointed Progr Neurobiol 1984;22:241-88. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. In fact, when the voltage of each theta wave in one site is compared with the voltage in another site it is possible to assess the degree of coincidence or phase shift between the two sites. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, Mirmiran M, Van den Dungen H, Uylings HBM. In 1963 we found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway (within Nauta's limbic-mesencephalic system) causes sleep (33). The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. Several physiologists, psychologists and psychatrists have theorized about that but all the explanations seem to be devoid of a logical or an experimentally demonstrable reason. 32. 39. 76. 43. Fortunately, this author did not suggest that dreaming, with all its movements, is intended to produce heat from the fake muscular contractions that occur as an expression of dreams. Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. 99. WebDream theories attempt to inform us of our deeper psychological states and shed light on the function of our dreams. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. 61. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. 21. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. 107. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. 7. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. Gardner Jr R, Grossman WI, Roffwarg HP, Weiner H. The relationship of small limb movements during REM sleep to dreamed limb action. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. Our data with rats are quite consistent as to the variation of blood pressure and heart rate during oniric activity. Roffwarg et al. Brain Develop (Tokyo) 1992;14:109-20. Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. 91. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. Ergebn. The vegetative components, that are phasic increases of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupillary diameter, and most probably metabolic adjustments as well, are expressed more consistently during a dream, as they are during attentive wakefulness. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). 98. Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. A theory that has many The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. 90. Maquet P, Pters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G. Nature. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. 109. There are two kinds of vegetative components: 1. No wonder that most dreams in humans have a visual component, explaining the reason why eye movements occur in any kind of dream, alone or as part of non-visual dreams. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. 106. The meaning of dreams. WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. Roffwarg HP, Adrien J, Herman J, Pessah M, Spiro R, Bowe-Anders C. The middle ear muscle activity in the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of the REM state. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. (eds.) Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. Noda H, Adey WR. 16. Erlbaum 1992. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:20-1. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). 44. Psychosomat Med 1975;37:147-59. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. Mol Brain Sci 1995;32:211-20. 29. Doricchi F, Violani C. Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: a contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1996;42:123-7. The correlation between dream content and the oniric movements was first studied by Aristotle, who identified lip, eye and limb movements and correctly related them to what was being dreamed of. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1978. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. Often eye movements are preceded in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials (figure 3). In: Pompeiano, O. Epub 2009 Oct 1. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). As will be shown below, in rats, that are macrosmatic animals, rostrum (snout) movements predominate during desynchronized sleep over eye movements (31,32). We spend a lot of time sleeping. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. eCollection 2017. Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). 96. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. 105. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. Guazzi M, Baccelli G, Zanchetti A. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiological role in buffering fall in blood pressure during sleep. 35. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. Generation of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. 83. Magoun HW, Rhines R. An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation. 89. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. The leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. 45. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. Respiratory frequency decreases during the entire sleep cycle but is phasically activated during dreaming because it is a vegetative function that has to be increased in any behavior, including the oniric ones. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. 104. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. The .gov means its official. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. 64. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Well known but not that of waking ( 131,132 ) Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242 midbrain. 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