12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? . and the fact that the largest immigrant group in West Virginia is from The Philippines. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). rise in the number from Central America and Asia. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. The major findings are briefly summarized below. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . Give Orange. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. . Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Eighty-three percent of foreign-born Indian Americans claim being Indian is either very or somewhat important to their identity, compared to 70 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). Meanwhile, there was a rise in the number from Central America and Asia. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. The 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of Koreans to immigrate to the United States, a pattern which has continued to present day. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. According to a 2019 Pew survey, 70 percent of Americans said religion is very important or somewhat important in their lives.24 Notably, responses to this question in the IAAS sample do not vary greatly by place of birth; respondents born in the United States are nearly as likely to report that religion is important to them as those born outside of the country. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. One should treat these findings with caution. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. Interestingly, among foreign-born respondents, twice as many men (20 percent) have a spouse of non-Indian origin compared to women (10 percent), but the gap more than disappears among those born in the United States: while 27 percent of men have a spouse of non-Indian origin, this rises to 31 percent among women. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. These are not merely academic questions. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. Forty-eight percent of respondents report that most or all of their Indian friends share their religious faith, while another 36 percent report that some of their friends are coreligionists. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. . Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). The next two largest origin groups are Indian Americans, who account for 21% of the total (4.6 million people), and Filipinos, who account for 19% (or 4.2 million people). The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). YOU. In about one-fifth of instances, both Indians and non-Indians were perceived to be jointly responsible. The results are displayed in figure 11. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). Irish immigration. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Nineteen percent of those who do not identify with a caste group answer similarly. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. 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